2,000,000 B.C.E. First Genus Homo Emerges First example of early humanoids emerge in Africa.
1,000,000 B.C.E. Premodern Humans Migrate out of Africa Prehumans move from Africa into West Asia and elsewhere.
100,000 B.C.E. Homo sapiens in East Africa Homo sapiens communities are established in East Africa.
40,000 B.C.E. Paleolithic Era Paleolithic era lasts to about 10,000 when Mesolithic era begins.
7000 B.C.E. Neolithic Era in Fertile Crescent Neolithic societies based on agriculture emerge in the Fertile Crescent, present-day Iraq and Syria.
6000 B.C.E. Neolithic Societies in Europe, Asia, and Western Hemisphere Neolithic cultures spread around the world.
5500 B.C.E. Egyptians Weave Flax into Fabric In Egypt, fl ax threads are woven together to create fabric for the first time
4400 B.C.E. Horses Domesticated The domestication of horses provides an important new mode of transportation.
3500 B.C.E. Cuneiform Writing The Sumerians, in present-day Iraq, are the fi rst group to develop a written script called cuneiform. Archaeologists have discovered thousands of clay tablets with Sumerian cuneiform writing on them.
3500 B.C.E. Bronze Made Bronze is made for the fi rst time in a process whereby copper is combined with tin to create a new metal that can be used in many tools.
3500 B.C.E. Sumerian Civilization Sumerian civilization, with city-states and agriculture with irrigation systems, is established in the Fertile Crescent.
3250 B.C.E. Paper Made of Papyrus Reed The first known paper is produced in Egypt.
3200. B.C.E. South America Beginnings of complex societies along the northern Peruvian Pacifi c coast.
3200 B.C.E. Hieroglyphic Writing The Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing. This style was gradually replaced by the Greek system.
3050–2890 B.C.E. Egypt’s First Dynasty King Menes creates the fi rst dynasty of Egypt and unites Egypt into a single kingdom, bringing together the two separate Lower and Upper kingdoms.
3000 B.C.E. First Chariots The first known use of wheels for transport occurs in Sumer; they are used both for transport and on early chariots.
2900 B.C.E. Great Pyramid Built The Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) at Giza outside present-day Cairo is built around 2900. It takes
4,000 stonemasons and as many as 100,000 laborers to build the pyramid.
2900 B.C.E. Indus Valley Civilization begins in the Indus Valley. Most of the peoples of the Harappan civilization live either near or in the city of Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro.
2700 B.C.E. Epic of Gilgamesh In the Fertile Crescent, the epic poem on the founding of Uruk, the fi rst major city, is created.
2700 B.C.E. Founding of China Chinese mythical ruler Yellow Emperor becomes leader of tribes along the Yellow River plain. Chinese writers accept him as the founder of the Chinese nation.
2700 B.C.E. Early Minoan Culture The Minoan civilization emerges on the island of Crete.
2686–2613 B.C.E. Egypt’s Third Dynasty The Third Dynasty is founded by Pharaoh Djoser.
2613–2498 B.C.E. Egypt’s Fourth Dynasty The Fourth Dynasty is founded by the Pharaoh Sneferu. He builds the pyramid at Dahshur.
2350–2198 B.C.E. Three Emperors of China Period of the mythical Three Emperors—Yao, Shun, and Yu —whose reigns are remembered as a golden age.
2341–2181 B.C.E. Egypt’s Sixth Dynasty During the course of the Sixth Dynasty, the powers of the pharaoh decrease. The growing power of the nobility limits the absolute power of the Egyptian kings.
2340 B.C.E. Sargon, King of Akkad Sargon builds Akkad as the new seat of government and unites all of the Sumerian cities into one centrally organized empire.
2205–1766 B.C.E. Xia Dynasty Founded by Emperor Yu, it is traditionally accepted as China’s fi rst historic dynasty.
2060 B.C.E. Third Dynasty of Ur Founded (Sumeria) Ur-Nammu of Ur seizes power from Utukhegal and creates a new Sumerian dynasty. Under his son Shulgi the empire of Ur extends as far as Anatolia.
2055 B.C.E. Mentuhotep II Reunifi es Egypt After a period of strife between the nobles and the kings known as the First Intermediate Period, King Mentuhotep reunites the kingdom under a new dynasty.
2000 B.C.E. Great Stone Palaces at Knossos The stone palaces at Knossos and Malia are built on Crete at around 2000.
2000 B.C.E. Babylonians Develop Mathematic System The Babylonians develop a mathematical system based on units of 60. They also divide a circle into a 360 units.
2000 B.C.E. Preclassic Period in Maya Zones Permanent settlements mark the emergence of the Early Preclassic Period in the Maya zones of Mesoamerica.
1991–1786 B.C.E. Amenemhat I Founds the Middle Kingdom Amenemhat I reduces the power of the nobles and establishes a strong central government.
1900 B.C.E. Cotton Used for Textiles in Asia and Fishnets in Peru Beginning around 1900 b.c.e., the Harappans begin growing and weaving cotton into fabric; Pacifi Coast polities in central Peru continue growing and weaving cotton into fishnets, providing a maritime basis for the emergence of Andean civilizations.
1900 B.C.E. Mycenaeans Arrive in Greece Around 1900 b.c.e., the Mycenaeans arrive from the north and gain control of Greece. This is the period of Greek history written about by Homer and known as the Heroic period or Mycenaean age.
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